Pathophysiology 1) caused by infection with hepatitis C virus 2) acute infection is usually subclinical 3) chronic infection occurs in 85-90% without treatment 4) only rarely causes fulminant disease (0.1%) Signs and Symptoms 1) acute phase (if symptomatic) – anorexia, fever, fatigue; followed by jaundice 2) chronic phase – mostly marked by fatigue until end-stage Continue Reading
The tibialis posterior muscle lies in the posterior compartment of the leg. Its main action is to flex the ankle (toward the plantar surface or sole of the foot). It also aids in inverting the foot (turning the toes inward.) The proximal attachment is the tibia, fibular, and interosseus membrane. The distal attachment is the Continue Reading
The extensor hallucis longus is one of the muscles in the anterior leg that is used to extend the great toe. The proximal attachment (origin) is the fibula and interosseus membrane. The distal attachment (insertion) is the distal phalanx of the great toe. The nerve supply to the muscle is the deep fibular nerve.
The extensor digitorum longus is one of the four muscles in the anterior compartment of the lower leg. Its main action is to extend the lateral four toes (i.e., move “toes to nose”). It is also involved in dorsiflexing the the foot. The proximal attachment (origin) of the extensor digitorum longus are the tibia, the Continue Reading
The tibialis anterior muscle is a major anterior leg muscle whose main action is dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot (i.e., “toes to nose” and turning foot inward.) The proximal attachment (origin) of the muscle is the tibia. The distal attachment (insertion) of the muscle is the medial cuneiform bone of the ankle and also Continue Reading
A commonly asked anatomy test question is what are the four muscles of the anterior leg? They are the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and the small, little-recognized fibularis longus.
The American Society for the Study of Trauma (AAST) grades colon injury according to severity and devascularization injury. The grades are as follows: Grade 1 – partial bowel wall laceration or presence of contusion or hematoma Grade 2 – laceration involving less than 50% of bowel wall Grade 3 – laceration involving more than 50% Continue Reading
The American Association for the Study of Trauma classifies rectal and rectosigmoid injuries into five grades based on severity and presence of devascularization. They are: Grade 1 – laceration of partial thickness bowel wall or hematoma/contusion Grade 2 – laceration of bowel wall less than 50% in circumference Grade 3 – laceration of bowel wall Continue Reading
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