12)<\/strong> anomalous pulmonary venous drainage<\/p>\nSigns and Symptoms<\/h4>\n
1)<\/strong> Eisenmenger’s syndrome – cyanosis, clubbing, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure
\n2)<\/strong> VSD – infective endocarditis, failure to thrive, paradoxical emboli
\n3)<\/strong> ASD – early fatigability, dyspnea of exertion, paradoxical emboli
\n4)<\/strong> truncus arteriosus – heart failure, recurrent pulmonary infections<\/p>\nHistology\/Gross Pathology<\/h4>\n
Eisenmenger’s syndrome has thickening of pulmonary artery walls<\/p>\n
Associated Conditions<\/h4>\n
1)<\/strong> increased incidence of congenital heart defects in – rubella (PDA), Down’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome (coarctation of aorta), steroids, lithium, alcohol use during pregnancy, phenytoin, prematurity (PDA)
\n2)<\/strong> increased incidence in congenital heart defects of – infective endocarditis and paradoxical pulmonary emboli (VSD and ASD)<\/p>\nInheritance\/Epidemiology<\/h4>\n
1)<\/strong> 1% of all live births
\n2)<\/strong> 6% of occurring in second child if firstborn child is affected<\/p>\nTips for USMLE<\/h4>\n
1)<\/strong> in transposition of great vessels, the pulmonary artery drains left ventricle and aorta drains right ventricle
\n2)<\/strong> truncus arteriosus is always associated with a VSD
\n3)<\/strong> cyanotic shunts at birth are the five Ts – tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus, transposition of great vessels, tricuspid atresia, and total anomalous pulmonary venous congestion
\n4)<\/strong> most common congenital heart defect is VSD
\n5)<\/strong> most common type of VSD is a defect in the membranous septum (usually in superior part)
\n6)<\/strong> most common type of ASD is ostium secundum<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Pathophysiology of Congenital Heart Defects Congenital heart defects are: Acyanotic group (no communication between circulations) 1) right-sided aorta 2) Ebstein’s anomaly (downward displaced tricuspid valve) 3) coarctation of aorta 4) tricuspid atresia<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5080],"tags":[5494,5495,5493,548,5496,4468],"yoast_head":"\n
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