Pathophysiology of Patent Ductus Arteriosus 1) patent ductus arteriosus is failure of closure of ductus arteriosus (which during fetal development … [Read more...]
Coarctation of Aorta
Pathophysiology of Coarctation of Aorta 1) coarctation of aorta is a congenital narrowing of the aorta 2) it can occur anywhere along the length of … [Read more...]
Atrial Flutter
Pathophysiology of Atrial Flutter atrial flutter is: 1)Â a rapid heart beat with a regular rhthm 2) causes include corrective surgery for … [Read more...]
Adrenergic Receptors
Adrenergic receptors are located throughout the body and are effected by numerous pharmacologic substances as summarized below: … [Read more...]
Epinephrine
Epinephrine is a commonly used drug in intensive care units. Involved Receptors Epinephrine acts on the alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-2 receptors … [Read more...]
Pacemaker Codes
Pacemaker codes are short hand that describes the functioning and programmable features of a pacemaker. They are a series of up to five letters … [Read more...]
Atrial Fibrillation
Pathophysiology of Atrial Fibrillation 1) atrial fibrillation is a disorganized electrical activity in the atria with an increased number of atrial … [Read more...]
Therapeutic Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Protocol
Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest is an increasingly used strategy to improve outcomes after myocardial infarction. Most medical centers … [Read more...]
LDL-P and LDL-C Lipid Lowering Agents
A variety of strategies are used to lower lipid levels in patients with identifiable cardiovascular risk. Controversy exists as to which patient … [Read more...]
Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia is a common medical student exam question. The following are findings associated with hypokalemia 1. drowsiness 2. paresthesias 3. … [Read more...]
Still Cardiac Murmur
The Still heart murmur is the most common benign murmur occurring in childhood. First described by George Still in 1909, it can be auscultated at any … [Read more...]
Long QT Syndrome
Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is an episode arrhythmia usually first presenting in childhood. The average age of first syncopal episode is 14 years with a … [Read more...]